Non-tariff barriers: Ukrainian practice under conflict with Russia and COVID-19

Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade

that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...

Non-Tariff Barriers and Trade Liberalization∗

This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there is a progression from using tariffs only to quotas, and to antidumping constraints (when quotas are jointly eliminated). Second, there is a narrowing of th...

Non-Tariff Barriers, Integration, and the Trans-Atlantic Economy

Comparison of Serum Ferritin Levels between Diabetic Patients with COVID-19 and Non-diabetic Patients with COVID-19 Based on Age Groups and Gender

Aims: Chronic diseases strongly affect the severity of infection and mortality in patients with COVID-19. High levels of ferritin also indicate the severity of the disease and may indicate the presence of secondary infections among patients. The aim of this study was to compare ferritin levels in diabetic patients with COVID-19 and non-diabetic patients with COVID-19 based on age and gender gro...

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